Understanding Physical Keyboard Layouts

The physical layout of a keyboard refers to the number of keys it has and their physical arrangement on the board. This is the most fundamental choice you'll make, as it dictates the keyboard's size, portability, and which keys are immediately accessible versus which are hidden behind layers.

Choosing the right layout is about finding the perfect balance between functionality and desk space. Let's explore the most common layouts, from largest to smallest, and help you determine which one suits your needs.

Full-Size (100%)

This is the traditional layout you're likely most familiar with. It has everything: the main alphanumeric cluster, a dedicated function row (F1-F12), a navigation cluster (arrow keys, Home, End, etc.), and a number pad.

• Pros: No compromises. Every key is present and accounted for. Ideal for data entry and users who rely heavily on the number pad.
• Cons: Large desk footprint. The width can force your mouse hand into a less ergonomic, further-out position.
• Who is it for? Accountants, data scientists, and anyone who can't live without a numpad.

Tenkeyless (TKL / 87%)

A Tenkeyless layout is a full-size keyboard with the number pad chopped off. It retains the full function row and the dedicated navigation cluster.

• Pros: Much smaller footprint than a full-size, allowing for more mouse room and better ergonomics. Retains the dedicated arrow keys and function row that many users find essential.
• Cons: Loses the numpad, which can be a dealbreaker for some.
• Who is it for? A huge range of users, from gamers to programmers. It's often considered the perfect balance between functionality and size.

75% Layout

A 75% layout is a more compact version of a TKL. It squishes the navigation cluster and arrow keys together with the main alpha block, removing most of the empty space.

• Pros: Nearly as functional as a TKL but in a significantly smaller, more portable package. Retains the function row and arrow keys.
• Cons: The compact nature can lead to non-standard keycap sizes for some keys (like the right Shift), making keycap compatibility a concern.
• Who is it for? Laptop users and those who want a portable board without sacrificing the F-row or arrow keys.

65% Layout

A 65% layout takes the compaction a step further by removing the function row. It keeps the dedicated arrow keys and often includes a few extra keys from the navigation cluster (like Page Up, Page Down, and Delete) in a vertical column on the right.

• Pros: Very compact and portable. Keeps the all-important dedicated arrow keys.
• Cons: The function keys (F1-F12) are now on a secondary layer, typically accessed by holding an Fn key.
• Who is it for? Writers, minimalists, and anyone who wants a small board but can't give up their arrow keys.

60% Layout

The classic compact layout. A 60% board removes the function row, the arrow keys, and the entire navigation cluster, leaving just the main block of alphanumeric keys.

• Pros: Extremely compact, portable, and aesthetically clean. Highly popular in the custom scene.
• Cons: Arrow keys and all other missing keys are relegated to a layer. This can be very efficient once you're used to it (e.g., Fn + IJKL for arrows), but it requires a learning curve.
• Who is it for? Programmers, typists, and enthusiasts who value desk space and aesthetics and are willing to embrace layers.

40% Layout and Smaller

These layouts take minimalism to the extreme, removing the number row and sometimes even more. They rely heavily on layers for basic functionality.

• Pros: The ultimate in portability and ergonomic efficiency (by minimizing finger travel).
• Cons: A very steep learning curve. Not for the faint of heart.
• Who is it for? Hardcore enthusiasts who want to build a keyboard that is truly and uniquely their own.

Choosing the Right Size for You

Your choice of physical layout depends on several factors:

• Desk space: Larger layouts require more room but offer immediate access to all keys.
• Portability: Smaller layouts are easier to travel with and store.
• Typing habits: Heavy number pad users need full-size; programmers might prefer 60-65% with better symbol access.
• Gaming needs: Many gamers prefer TKL or smaller to free up mouse space for low-sensitivity play.
• Learning commitment: Smaller layouts require more time to master layers and shortcuts.

Layout Migration Tips

Moving between layout sizes requires adaptation:

• Going smaller: Start with a similar layout (TKL to 75%, not TKL to 40%) to ease the transition.
• Layer practice: Use typing trainers to build muscle memory for layered functions before committing full-time.
• Key placement: Keep frequently used keys on easily accessible layers rather than buried deep.

Form Factor Impact on Build

Different layouts affect other build choices:

• Case selection: Each layout requires matching case compatibility.
• Plate options: Some layouts offer flex cuts, gasket mounting, or other advanced mounting styles.
• Keycap sets: Smaller layouts may need specialty keys or compatibility kits.
• PCB features: Compact layouts often sacrifice some features like rotary encoders or extensive RGB.

The journey doesn't end with the physical arrangement. Next, we'll explore how you can change what each key does in Logical Layouts and Layers.